Introduction:
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects motor function due to the loss of dopamine producing neurons in the brain. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting millions worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve quality of life.
Definition and Causes:
Parkinson’s Disease is characterized by tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability. Other non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, depression, and cognitive decline. Causes can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. Read more
Detection Techniques:
- Clinical Assessment: Neurologists evaluate symptoms using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS).
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Imaging Techniques:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Detects structural brain changes.
- DAT-SPECT (Dopamine Transporter Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography): Evaluates dopamine neuron loss.
- Laboratory Tests: Blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be analyzed for biomarkers like α-synuclein or dopamine metabolites.
Instruments and Reagents:
- MRI machines and SPECT scanners for imaging.
- ELISA kits for detecting α-synuclein or other proteins.
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for dopamine metabolite analysis.
Conclusion:
Early recognition of Parkinson’s Disease through clinical evaluation, imaging, and biomarker testing enables timely intervention and better management of symptoms.